The Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for the word 道 (way, path) is spelled as tao 4 in the older Wade–Giles romanization system (from which the spelling "Taoism" is derived), while it is spelled as dào in the newer Pinyin romanization system (from which the spelling "Daoism" is derived). Since the introduction of the Pinyin system for romanizing Mandarin Chinese, there have been those who have felt that "Taoism" would be more appropriately spelled as "Daoism". Main article: Daoism–Taoism romanization issue Philosophers of Taoism are marked by triangles in dark green. Taoism also has adherents in the West, which includes East or Southeast Asian immigrants as well as Western convert Taoists.ĭefinition The birthplaces of notable Chinese philosophers from the Hundred Schools of Thought in the Zhou Dynasty. It is also a major religion in Taiwan as well as throughout the Sinosphere including Korea, Japan, and Vietnam, and it has a significant number of adherents in a number of other societies throughout East and Southeast Asia, particularly in Malaysia, Singapore. Today, the Taoist religion is one of the five religious doctrines officially recognized by the People's Republic of China (PRC), including in its special administrative regions (SARs) of Hong Kong and Macau. Chinese alchemy (especially "internal alchemy"- neidan), Chinese astrology, Chan (Zen) Buddhism, several Chinese martial arts including Tai chi, traditional Chinese medicine, feng shui, and many styles of Qigong have been associated with Taoism throughout history. Taoism has had a profound influence on Chinese culture in the course of the centuries and Dao masters ( 道士 dàoshi), a title traditionally attributed only to the clergy and not to their lay followers, usually take care to note the distinction between their ritual tradition and the practices of Chinese folk religion and non-Taoist vernacular ritual orders, which are often mistakenly identified as pertaining to Taoism. Other influences include: Shang and Zhou dynasty religion, Mohism, Confucianism, Legalist theorists like Shen Buhai and Han Fei, and the Chinese classics, especially the I Ching and the Lüshi Chunqiu. Early Taoism drew its cosmological notions from the School of Yinyang (also known as "the Naturalists"). The roots of Taoism go back at least to the 4th century BCE. Taoist ethics vary depending on the particular school, but they generally tend to emphasize virtues such as " inaction" ( 无为 無爲 wúwéi), " naturalness" or "spontaneity" ( 自然 zìrán), " simplicity" ( 朴 樸 pǔ), and the three treasures: compassion ( 慈 cí), frugality ( 俭 儉 jiǎn) and humility ( 不敢为天下先 不敢爲天下先 bù gǎn wèi tiānxià xiān). Common aims include becoming one with the natural flow of the Dao, longevity, becoming a sage ( zhenren) and even an immortal ( xian). Taoism includes various self-cultivation methods, including meditation, internal alchemy, and various rituals. The Tao Te Ching and the Zhuangzi are widely considered key Taoist texts and are distinctly philosophical in nature and theme. The Tao is generally defined as the source of everything and the ultimate principle underlying reality. Taoism or Daoism ( / ˈ t aʊ ɪ z əm/ i or / ˈ d aʊ ɪ z əm/ i) is a Chinese philosophy, as well as a set of Chinese traditions and religions, that emphasize living in harmony with the Tao ( Chinese: 道 pinyin: Dào Wade–Giles: Tao 4 lit.
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